One study of 29 countries found that the level of competition among schools was directly tied to higher test scores in reading and math.
On Saturday President Obama delivered a radio address on education and he didnt shrink from saying that American high school students are trailing international averages.
He sketched out details of a bill his administration is now pushing to revise the No Child Left Behind Act. He proposes to preserve testing requirements but create a better measuring stick require teachers be evaluated by performance (not credentials) and use carrots instead of sticks to encourage progress.
But nothing in the speech or his proposed legislation hints at the need for school choice and competition. Charter schools went unmentioned. One worries that his view of markets in education differs little from the one offered by Diane Ravitch on these pages on March 9 and in her new book The Death and Life of the Great American School System. In that book she offers a nave and static view of markets. It is in the nature of markets that some succeed some are middling and others fail she wrote.
Twentieth century economist Joseph Schumpeter saw it another way. In his view it is in the nature of markets that middling firms are creatively destroyed by good firms which are themselves eventually eliminated by still better competitors. Ignoring this basic economic principle critics of charter schools and other forms of school choice see no hope for competition in education. These critics ask us to leave public schools alone apart from creating voluntary national standardsspeed zones without traffic tickets as it were.
Yet few doubt that public schools today are troubled as the president noted on Saturday. What the president left out is that the performance of American high school students has hardly budged over the past 40 years while the per-pupil cost of operating the schools they attend has increased threefold in real dollar terms. If school districts were firms operating in the market place many would quickly fall victim to Schumpeters law of creative destruction.
Ms. Ravitch and other critics of school choice reverse causation by blaming the sad state of public schools on events that occurred long after schools had stagnated. They point for example to President Bushs No Child Left Behind law (enacted in 2002) mayoral governance of schools recently instituted in some cities and the creation of a small number (4638) of charter schools that serve less than 3 of the U.S. school-age population.
To uncover what is wrong with American public schools one has to dig deeper than these recent developments in education. One needs to consider the impact of restrictive collective bargaining agreements that prevent rewarding good teachers and removing ineffective ones intrusive court interventions and useless teacher certification laws.
Charters were invented to address these problems. As compared to district schools they have numerous advantages. They are funded by governments but they operate independently. This means that charters must persuade parents to select them instead of a neighborhood district school. That has happened with such regularity that today there are 350000 families on charter-school waiting lists enough to fill over 1000 additional charter schools.
According to a 2009 Education Next survey the public approves of steady charter growth. Though a sizeable portion of Americans remain undecided charter supporters outnumber opponents two to one. Among African Americans those who favor charters outnumber opponents four to one. Even among public-school teachers the percentage who favor charters is 37 while the percentage who oppose them is 31.
A school can have short-term popularity without being good of course. Union leaders would have us believe that charter popularity is due to the motivated students who attend them not the education they provide. But charters hold lotteries when applications exceed available seats. As a resultand also because they are usually located in urban areasover half of all charter students are either African American or Hispanic. More than a third of charter school students are eligible for the federal free or reduced lunch program.
To identify the effects of a charter education a wide variety of studies have been conducted. The best studies are randomized experiments the gold standard in both medical and educational research. Stanford Universitys Caroline Hoxby and Harvard Universitys Thomas Kane have conducted randomized experiments that compare students who win a charter lottery with those who applied but were not given a seat.
Winners and losers can be assumed to be equally motivated because they both tried to go to a charter school. Ms. Hoxby and Mr. Kane have found that lottery winners subsequently scored considerably higher on math and reading tests than did applicants who remained in district schools.
In another good study the RAND Corp. found that charter high school graduation rates and college attendance rates were better than regular district school rates by 15 percentage points and eight percentage points respectively.
Instead of taking seriously these high quality studies charter critics rely heavily on a report released in 2004 by the American Federation of Teachers (AFT). The AFT is hardly a disinterested investigator and its report makes inappropriate comparisons and pays insufficient attention to the fact that charters are serving an educationally deprived segment of the population.
Others base their criticism of charters on a report from an ongoing study by Stanfords Center for Research on Education Outcomes (Credo) which found that there are more weak charter schools than strong ones. Though this report is superior to AFTs study its results are dominated by a large number of students who are in their first year at a charter school and a large number of charter schools that are in their first year of operation.
Credos work will be more informative when it presents findings for students in charters that have been up and running for several years. You cant judge the long-term potential of schools that have not amassed a multi-year track record.
To identify the long-term benefits of school choice Harvards Martin West and German economist Ludger Woessmann examined the impact of school choice on the performance of 15-year-old students in 29 industrialized countries. They discovered that the greater the competition between the public and private sector the better all students do in math science and reading. Their findings imply that expanding charters to include 50 of all students would eventually raise American students math scores to be competitive with the highest-scoring countries in the world.
What makes charters important today is less their current performance than their potential to innovate. Educational opportunity is about to be revolutionized by powerful notebook computers broadband and the open-source development of curricular materials (a la Wikipedia). Curriculum can be tailored to the level of accomplishment each student has reached an enormous step forward.
If American education remains stagnant such innovations will spread slowly if at all. If the charter world continues to expand the competition between them and district schools could prove to be transformative.
Mr. Peterson a professor of government at Harvard University and a Hoover Institution senior fellow is author of the forthcoming book Saving Schools: From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning (Belknap/Harvard University Press).
One study of 29 countries found that the level of competition among schools was directly tied to higher test scores in reading and math.
On Saturday President Obama delivered a radio address on education and he didnt shrink from saying that American high school students are trailing international averages.
He sketched out details of a bill his administration is now pushing to revise the No Child Left Behind Act. He proposes to preserve testing requirements but create a better measuring stick require teachers be evaluated by performance (not credentials) and use carrots instead of sticks to encourage progress.
But nothing in the speech or his proposed legislation hints at the need for school choice and competition. Charter schools went unmentioned. One worries that his view of markets in education differs little from the one offered by Diane Ravitch on these pages on March 9 and in her new book The Death and Life of the Great American School System. In that book she offers a nave and static view of markets. It is in the nature of markets that some succeed some are middling and others fail she wrote.
Twentieth century economist Joseph Schumpeter saw it another way. In his view it is in the nature of markets that middling firms are creatively destroyed by good firms which are themselves eventually eliminated by still better competitors. Ignoring this basic economic principle critics of charter schools and other forms of school choice see no hope for competition in education. These critics ask us to leave public schools alone apart from creating voluntary national standardsspeed zones without traffic tickets as it were.
Yet few doubt that public schools today are troubled as the president noted on Saturday. What the president left out is that the performance of American high school students has hardly budged over the past 40 years while the per-pupil cost of operating the schools they attend has increased threefold in real dollar terms. If school districts were firms operating in the market place many would quickly fall victim to Schumpeters law of creative destruction.
Ms. Ravitch and other critics of school choice reverse causation by blaming the sad state of public schools on events that occurred long after schools had stagnated. They point for example to President Bushs No Child Left Behind law (enacted in 2002) mayoral governance of schools recently instituted in some cities and the creation of a small number (4638) of charter schools that serve less than 3 of the U.S. school-age population.
To uncover what is wrong with American public schools one has to dig deeper than these recent developments in education. One needs to consider the impact of restrictive collective bargaining agreements that prevent rewarding good teachers and removing ineffective ones intrusive court interventions and useless teacher certification laws.
Charters were invented to address these problems. As compared to district schools they have numerous advantages. They are funded by governments but they operate independently. This means that charters must persuade parents to select them instead of a neighborhood district school. That has happened with such regularity that today there are 350000 families on charter-school waiting lists enough to fill over 1000 additional charter schools.
According to a 2009 Education Next survey the public approves of steady charter growth. Though a sizeable portion of Americans remain undecided charter supporters outnumber opponents two to one. Among African Americans those who favor charters outnumber opponents four to one. Even among public-school teachers the percentage who favor charters is 37 while the percentage who oppose them is 31.
A school can have short-term popularity without being good of course. Union leaders would have us believe that charter popularity is due to the motivated students who attend them not the education they provide. But charters hold lotteries when applications exceed available seats. As a resultand also because they are usually located in urban areasover half of all charter students are either African American or Hispanic. More than a third of charter school students are eligible for the federal free or reduced lunch program.
To identify the effects of a charter education a wide variety of studies have been conducted. The best studies are randomized experiments the gold standard in both medical and educational research. Stanford Universitys Caroline Hoxby and Harvard Universitys Thomas Kane have conducted randomized experiments that compare students who win a charter lottery with those who applied but were not given a seat.
Winners and losers can be assumed to be equally motivated because they both tried to go to a charter school. Ms. Hoxby and Mr. Kane have found that lottery winners subsequently scored considerably higher on math and reading tests than did applicants who remained in district schools.
In another good study the RAND Corp. found that charter high school graduation rates and college attendance rates were better than regular district school rates by 15 percentage points and eight percentage points respectively.
Instead of taking seriously these high quality studies charter critics rely heavily on a report released in 2004 by the American Federation of Teachers (AFT). The AFT is hardly a disinterested investigator and its report makes inappropriate comparisons and pays insufficient attention to the fact that charters are serving an educationally deprived segment of the population.
Others base their criticism of charters on a report from an ongoing study by Stanfords Center for Research on Education Outcomes (Credo) which found that there are more weak charter schools than strong ones. Though this report is superior to AFTs study its results are dominated by a large number of students who are in their first year at a charter school and a large number of charter schools that are in their first year of operation.
Credos work will be more informative when it presents findings for students in charters that have been up and running for several years. You cant judge the long-term potential of schools that have not amassed a multi-year track record.
To identify the long-term benefits of school choice Harvards Martin West and German economist Ludger Woessmann examined the impact of school choice on the performance of 15-year-old students in 29 industrialized countries. They discovered that the greater the competition between the public and private sector the better all students do in math science and reading. Their findings imply that expanding charters to include 50 of all students would eventually raise American students math scores to be competitive with the highest-scoring countries in the world.
What makes charters important today is less their current performance than their potential to innovate. Educational opportunity is about to be revolutionized by powerful notebook computers broadband and the open-source development of curricular materials (a la Wikipedia). Curriculum can be tailored to the level of accomplishment each student has reached an enormous step forward.
If American education remains stagnant such innovations will spread slowly if at all. If the charter world continues to expand the competition between them and district schools could prove to be transformative.
Mr. Peterson a professor of government at Harvard University and a Hoover Institution senior fellow is author of the forthcoming book Saving Schools: From Horace Mann to Virtual Learning (Belknap/Harvard University Press).
